With the advancement of solid organic carbon dosing, colloquially referred to as BioPellets, one of the fundamental areas lacking has been research. We have yet to find the best method to utilize them.

Back in 2006 a company by the name of Aquaculture Systems Technologies received a Phase 1 USDA Small Business Innovative Research award to investigate the use of one of the most popular BioPellet materials–PHA or polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Specifically PHA from Iowa based Meril / Metabolix was used in a self cleaning reactor design dubbed the PolyGeyser. The idea here was to develop a cheap and easy way to provide nitrate management in aquaculture systems. The nutrient levels AST tested these systems on are elevated from our own, but their is certainly some crossover and learning that can be done.

Links for your own jump to conclusion mat are below:

• USDA SBIR Funded Denitrification Research and Technology Using Biodegradable BioPolymers [PDF]
• World Aquaculture Society

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ATB has joined the BioPellet party with their ATB HQ BioPellets. ATB’s solid biodegradable media is neither PHA or PCL, but offers many of the same bacterial cultivating characteristics.

ATB recommends 500ml of BioPellets per 100 gallons of total system water volume. This amount will set you back $39.99 with 1000ml of ATB Biopellets coming in at $59.99. We have yet to try the pellets on an established aquarium, but have gotten the chance to experiment with them on temporary quarantine tanks.

So far they have proven easy to fluidize in the paired ATB media reactor. [Note the reactor does not have any sponges--this makes the reactor easy to clean, and with a quick turn of a ball valve the reactor can be flushed of any biofilms that may be restricting water flow.]

ATB Biopellets are very close in size to popular PHA formulas on the market such as Vertex and BRS. In comparison to NP Biopellets, they are roughly 1/3rd the size and seem to be harder to the touch. ATB’s formula is also much more irregular in shape.

More information from ATB:

The ATB’s Bio Pellets are composed of biologically degradable polymers that are best to use with a media reactor. The pellets will allow aerobic growth of bacteria which consequently will consume nitrate and phosphate simultaneously. After about 2-4 weeks, nitrate and phosphate levels should start decreasing.

For larger or heavy feeding aquarium, higher dosages are appropriate. Bio Pellets are consumed by bacteria, therefore additional new pellets are needed to be added every 3-6 months to compensate for digested pellets.

Disclosure: ATB is a GBD sponsor and provided these products for trial and review.

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The latest aquarium product garnering attention in Japan is this BioPellet Reactor design from LSS Laboratory and Reef Octopus. We first saw an early version of of this reactor weeks back with the initial model or prototype in a black color black and featuring a twist on and off top. The reactor has since taken a color change and received some additional refinement.

Most importantly, the fluidizing cone bottom has been kept the same. The cone shape evenly disperese water upwards, without restricting flow rates. (A similar design can be seen on Deltec Fluidized Calcium reactors.)

A close up of the BioPellet Reactor “Prototype”

Some updates to the production model Reef Octopus Reactor include  fastening screws replacing the screw on lid and a mesh screen to keep the biopellets in the reactor. Like the fluidizing cone, the open mesh does not restrict flow rates as much as drilled or slotted acrylic.

We are told this design will only be sold in Japan and is exclusive to LSS Laboratory (A Japanese aquarium company & importer of Reef Octopus).

We have yet to confirm this with Reef Octopus USA (CoralVue) or Reef Octopus (Honya), but the engraving on the top of the reactor ought to lend some support to this.

The reactors will be made available in three sizes. Each model features 12mm input and 16mm out.

BP600

• 300ml BioPellet Capacity
• 390mm chamber height (15.35″)
• 490 total height (19.3″)
• 70mm OD (2.75″)
• 25000¥ ($305 USD)

BP 1600

• 800ml BioPellet Capacity
• 430mm chamber height (16.9″)
• 530 total height (20.9″)
• 100mm OD (3.93″)
• 35000¥ ($430 USD)

BP 4000

• 800ml BioPellet Capacity
• 430mm chamber height (16.9″)
• 530 total height (20.9″)
• 140mm OD (5.5″)
• 47000¥ ($570 USD)

Reef Octopus is generally seen as an affordable equipment manufacturer. Being that this reactor has more work put into it and it is being sold in Japan, the prices are higher than most would expect.

The cost of maintaining aquariums in Japan is exponentially higher than Europe and the United States. This is clearly factored in to the listed pricing here. Should a similar version make its way to the U.S. or EU we expect the price will take a significant haircut.

h/t Okabe @ LSS

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D-D showed off Bioaquatek’s Marine Bio Pearls at MACNA, but we can’t say we’d expect to see that in the future. Deltec / D-D now has their very own biopellet coming to market: Nutri-Fix NP Bio Media. DD’s BioPellet appears to be PHA–a popular choice.

It’s fluidization skills are put to test against what looks to be the previously mentioned Marine Bio Pearls in the clip below.

Interestingly DD asserts that their NutriFix Bio Media cannot be overdosed, as the growth of the bacteria is limited by Nitrate and Phosphate. In response to the overdosing notion:

“Because the bacterial growth rate is limited by the availability of free nitrate and phosphate regardless of the carbon source being available, the efficiency of the media will fluctuate in tandem with these levels, allowing more colonisation as nutrient levels rise, and falling back as levels decrease creating a more stable environment within the aquarium.”

It’s kind of like saying you can’t over exercise, because your body is limited by the calories and fat you can burn. Not really, we’re kidding. But keep in mind people are likely using this media because they are concerned with excess nitrates and phosphates. Wisely, DD suggests starting with 50% the recommended dose. When starting any carbon dosing regime, reduced dosing is advised–particularly if your aquarium has elevated levels of NO3 or PO4.

Additional description from D-D Aquarium Solution below.

What is Nutri-Fix NP?

Nutri-Fix NP is a bio media and bacterial food source adapted specifically for the reduction of Nitrate and Phosphate in aquaria.

How does it work?

Unlike indiscriminate and potentially risky carbon dosing regimens such as Vodka which entail adding carbon sources directly to the main aquarium to promote bacterial spread and nutrient uptake, Nutri-Fix NP is a 100% pure, fixed carbon source bio-polymer that can be used in a fluidised reactor for the promotion of rapid bacterial growth within a controlled environment away from the main display, promoting only those bacteria relevant to the task of nutrient uptake. The Bio-Polymer acts as a primary food source to encourage healthy bacterial colonisation which in turn assimilates or fixes Nitrate and Phosphate as that population grows. With these nutrients locked into the biomass of the bacterial population, this bio film or ‘bacterial mulm’ can then be exported via physical agitation of the media within a reactor to make way for further growth. The effluent carrying these bacterial films can then be directed towards the intake of a protein skimmer for physical removal via foam fractionation. Ongoing exportation of excess nitrate and phosphate are a direct result of this reaction.

By passing aquarium water through a fluidised reactor housing the bio-media, a fresh constant stream of both nutrient and oxygen can be supplied. Unlike alternate methods that encourage de-nitrification through anaerobic activity in a slow flow environment as a primary route to converting nitrate to free nitrogen gas, Nutri-Fix NP works in an oxygen rich environment by locking nitrate and phosphate into the rapidly growing bacterial biomass. Further nitrate reduction can also be witnessed as a result of underlying bacterial layers being starved of oxygen by several overlying populations. The removal of these layers via agitation to make way for further rapid colonisation is a crucial part of the process to prevent binding of the media via bacterial mucus secretion.

Do I need to do anything to the media before I use it?

A quick rinse in RO water or old tank water prior to use is recommended to wash off any fines that have developed in shipping, but no other action is required.

How Much Flow Is Required?

The flow rate required will be relative to both the amount of media used and the dimensions of the reactor it is housed in. Typically in a reactor of 100mm diameter using 1ltr of media, an input flow rate of at least 1500lph will be required to achieve effective agitation of the media. (See video link for visual reference)

How Much Media is required?

As with switching or adding any biological media to an existing aquarium, it is far better to start slowly and build up over time. Under normal operating conditions an average ratio of between 100 -200ml per 100lts of system volume is recommended. On first application it is recommended to start with approximately half the recommended amount and build up over several months to the required level. On new systems the full recommended dose may be used from the start to help limit future accumulations of dissolved nutrients.

Is it possible to use too much media?

No. Because the bacterial growth rate is limited by the availability of free nitrate and phosphate regardless of the carbon source being available, the efficiency of the media will fluctuate in tandem with these levels, allowing more colonisation as nutrient levels rise, and falling back as levels decrease creating a more stable environment within the aquarium. As previously stated however, it is recommended that a 50% dose is used when starting out on an existing aquarium to limit any excessive or rapid decreases in nutrient availability which could stress some more delicate organisms.

…

Is it essential to run the reactor effluent to skimmer?

Ideally yes. Without the physical removal of the bacterial mulm, there is no pathway to remove fixed nitrate and phosphate from the aquarium. This will usually entail putting the reactor in line between the skimmer feed pump and skimmer itself. In cases where the skimmer feed pump exceeds the required flow rate through the reactor, it can be plumbed in via a bypass line which can be adjusted via an inline tap. (See Image below). In cases where a sump based skimmer is used, the reactor should be run from its own feed pump with the outlet directed towards the skimmer intake.

…

My skimmer has stopped producing foam…Why?

In some situations when the media is first used, skimmate production may be adversely affected for 24-48hrs due to mild disruption to the surface tension of water passing through the skimmer. During this time the skimmer should be left to settle without any further adjustment to compensate. An adjusted skimmer may start to overflow once the surface tension has returned to normal and foam production resumes.

Will I still need to use Activated Carbon?

Yes. Bacterial filtration will not remove many of the adverse compounds and accumulations that good quality carbon can absorb, such as metals, organic dyes, or toxic chemicals released from corals as a means of chemical warfare. The use of a good quality carbon like RowaCarbon is still highly recommended although water clarity may improve with the use of Nutri-Fix NP due to the flocculent properties of the bacterial mulm.

Will I still need to use phosphate removing media?

In most cases yes. Phosphate found in foods is usually at far higher levels than nitrate. And whilst Nutri-Fix will reduce both Nitrate and phosphate in tandem, the process is a balanced one. Therefore excess phosphate will still need to be removed via the use of effective phosphate removers such as Rowaphos, although the need to replenish this media will usually be reduced saving money in the process.

…

Is the flow rate through the reactor crucial?

Yes. It should be remembered that Nutri-Fix NP is not an anaerobic filter media like Sulphur beads. Nutri-Fix NP works best under strong flow and aerobic conditions which will speed up the growth rate of bacterial populations and consequently the uptake of nitrate and Phosphate. The agitation and subsequent friction are also essential to free up fresh surface area on the media to encourage further bacterial growth. If not enough agitation is supplied, bacterial populations will overgrow and clog up the media, effectively cutting off the carbon supply from any further overlying bacterial growth.

How long will it take to see results?

Bacterial colonisation can take up to 4 weeks to establish itself fully to the degree that bacterial populations are high enough to effect free nutrient levels.

My nitrate level was falling rapidly after the first 4 weeks but has now slowed down?

This is a natural process. When free nutrient levels are high, rapid colonisation and growth of the bacterial populations is achievable, causing a fast initial decrease in available nutrient. As levels fall, the remaining bacterial populations have to work harder to obtain the remaining lower concentration of nutrients, as the level falls, so does the bacterial growth rate until such time as the nutrient availability reaches naturally low levels. At this point the remaining bacterial populations will be waiting to take advantage of any increase in nutrients, at which point their growth rate will increase in tandem to take advantage, offering a more balanced and rapid response to shifts in those levels.

Will I be able to increase feeding of my aquarium?

Yes, one of the further benefits is that you can increase feeding of both your fish and corals if the NutriFix pellets are used in conjunction with a good phosphate remover like Rowaphos as together they will control the release of both Nitrate and phosphate into your aquarium so that you do not promote nuisance algae. Another product which allows you to “Feed Your Fish and Not Your Algae”.

[youtube, dd]

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Coral Shop products are making their way to the U.S. thanks to our friends at distributor, Sea Side Aquatics. The brand is relatively unknown in the States, but has grown in popularity overseas. Over the past few months we’ve had the chance to try nearly every supplement product from the Czech manufacturer and we’re impressed.

Coral Shop offers your standard two part fare, along with a variety of trace element and amino acid solutions. Many of their products do overlap, but allow control to the finest detail, or premixed solutions for those wanting to get just their fins wet. We also like that the large 1 Liter bottles makes it easy to automate their dosing over longer periods of time. Simply drill a hole in the cap and connect to your dosing pump. In fact, Coral Shop recommends this on many of their products to ensure stability.

Some of our favorites of the line are shown above. From right to left:

• DispoPhos
  • An iron based liquid PO4 remover that precipitates phosphates on the spot.
• CoraDom Amino
  • A blend of amino acids to target ‘low nutrient’ tanks. The polyp extension effect is always great.
• NitraClean
  • This product appears to be a mixed carbon source aimed at reducing Nitrates. We’ve slowly worked into our dosing regimen and are experimenting as we type this.
• Platinum Reef Booster
  • Trace elements and amino acids in one. Nice for those wishing to try balling & amino dosing without multiple additives. Has many of the same ingredients, but in different ratios as SOL Trace & SOL DOM below.
• SOL Trace
  • 24 trace elements and 6 noble metal trace elements–it’s like balling in a bottle. Allows more control over trace element v amino acid additions.
• SOL DOM
  • Amino Acids, Vitamins, Trace Elements, and “Complex Acids”. We’ve gotten word of some users in the EU soaking Azoox specific feeds in this solution to increase feeding response.

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As we predicted, discount or bulk sellers are now getting into the solid carbon dosing or BioPellet game. Most notably, Bulk Reef Supply (BRS).

Based on the limited number of suppliers, we feel safe in guessing that the BRS Bio Pellets are PHA or Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Seeing as most of the PHA suppliers do not give significant discounts on the type of volume the aquarium industry turns over, it will be interesting to see how aquarium companies price and distinguish themselves. Currently 500ml of BRS BioPellets will cost you $38.99 which is spot on to pricing for the Vertex Pro BioPellets (also PHA). Likewise, for 1000ml both products come in at approximately $70 USD.

Interestingly BRS, notes the importance of contact time with their product. Initially biopellets were marketed as safe, and unable to be overdosed. This is not the case. “Dosing” with these biopellets is a function of surface area and water turn over, or contact time.

“Dosing” of BRS Bio Pellets:

“The speed at which the media tumbles will have an effect on the system because it is a combination of two things, contact time with the media and the amount of times a day the entire system water volume passes through the reactor. Every tank is going to have a sweet spot in terms of contact time with the media and how many times the entire water volume should pass through the reactor each day. In general we recommend trying to maximize the contact time with the media which means tuning the reactor so 100% of the media is just barley tumbling. Going slower runs the risk of the bio pellets sticking together with biofilm.  Faster flow reduces contact time, but increases system turn over. Please feel free to experiment with this after the 8 weeks.”

[BRS]

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A mock up of KZ’s new ZeoStart 3

Korallen Zucht, makers of the popular bacterioplankton ZEOvit system have two new reef related products coming out. ZEOStart3 will be making its way into the Basic 4 line up, as an update to the previous ZeoStart2 organic carbon source. ZeoStart  is added to fuel bacterial growth within the aquarium and Zeolite reactor.

Additionally KZ will be rolling out Bio Mate which they are calling a bacterial concentrate that is good for “cleaning substrate and rock, reduction of mulm deposits and phosphates.” Thomas Pohl writes, “The effect on SPS is a better coloration when you dose normal 2-3 times a week. When you overdose the corals get a little darker but lighter colors come back after a while.”

As for what these products actually are? Time may provide some educated guesses, but keep in mind KZ does not release what is inside their little blue bottles. Sorry ZEO Heads, no word on availability or pricing.

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As Azooxanthellate (“Azoox”) corals become more and more popular, so will automated feeding systems such as this. This regrigerated dosing set up was put together by Michael Lucazyn for his stunning Non-Photosynthetic Reef. Mike’s continuious feeder was inspired by Steve Weast’s set up, with a bit of insight from Matt Wandell on the venturi.

In this set up, a programable dosing pump adds specified quantities of perishable reef foods within a small refrigerator. They are then dosed and simultaneously sucked into the flow via the venturi injector. As water flows through the fridge (and the venturi injector), the food is added directly to the aquarium. Simple, effective, and much appreciated by filter feeding animals.

The biggest downside of this type of set up is cost and space. If you don’t like the idea of a mini fridge next to your tank, there is also the equally expensive GroTech Phyto Reactor–which with some creativity could by DIY’d.

Mike recently switched to this venturi design, from a previous straight through design shown above. You can also catch a glimpse of Mike’s feeding regimen which includes: Oyster Feast, Roti Feast and Shellfish Diet. Captive Dendeonepthyas around the world just perked up at the mention of that triumverate.

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Editors Note:Please welcome Matt Wandell to Glassbox. Matt works as an Aquatic Biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium where he is responsible for many exhibits including this striking Deepwater Reef. Matt is an extremely knowledgeable biologist and aquarists and we thank him for this piece on Dissolved Organic Carbon.

One of the most exciting developments in reef aquarium science in recent years is Dr. Ken Feldman’s ongoing work concerning dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in aquariums, as featured in a series of articles in Advanced Aquarist Online Magazine.  While most of us employ some type of filtration (protein skimmer, granular activated carbon, ozone) to control the organic carbon level in our aquariums, almost none of us are aware what effects these filtration strategies have on the actual DOC level present.  How much does the level of DOC change over time in an aquarium, and why?  How does the DOC level change as we apply different filtration strategies to our aquariums?  Most importantly, is the DOC level in an aquarium an important parameter to monitor and control, i.e. is there a “target” DOC level for healthy coral growth like there is for salinity, calcium, phosphate, and all the other major chemical parameters of concern?

With some of these questions in mind we recently decided to pursue measurements of DOC in select coral exhibits at the Steinhart Aquarium, California Academy of Sciences.  Our method of choice for the following DOC data is seawater absorption of UV light at a wavelength of 254 nanometers.  The advantage to this method is that it can be done very quickly and cheaply with a relatively affordable UV spectrophotometer.  In short, we shine UV light through a sample of seawater and certain types of organic carbon molecules absorb that light.  When we compare the amount of UV light that passes through the sample we can get an estimate of the total DOC in the sample.

Dr. Feldman and Dr. Craig Bingman have pointed out to us that this method is at best a very rough approximation of the exact value of DOC present.  Laurie Kormos of the Steinhart Aquarium compared the accuracy of this method to known samples of seawater that were measured with more accurate testing methods (HTCO with Shimadzu 5000 TOC analyzer) in conjunction with the City of San Francisco’s Water Treatment Plant and found that the UV254 method was quite accurate for those seawater samples.

This may not hold true for different tanks at different times.  The sources of error inherent in a UV254 measurement may only interest a few hard core chemistry geeks so I will not go into great detail about them here.  What we find useful is observing the long term trends that we see in DOC level in our aquariums, so if you’ll follow along I’d like to share some of that data with you.

What happens to DOC when GAC is utilized on reef aquariums?  The above data is from weekly DOC measurements on a 25 gallon reef tank containing a Peacock Mantis Shrimp and a variety of LPS and soft corals.  The tank is filtered solely by live rock and sand, with weekly 20% water changes.  On two occasions we employed a GAC filter where noted; in the first case we did it in response to a bit of cyanobacteria in the tank and in the second case we had just pruned some of the soft corals.  In both cases the GAC filter held approximately 1 cup of lignite GAC (4 cups GAC/100 gallons water), was turned on for only 24 hours, and then removed from the system.  The effect on the DOC should be quite obvious.  We should also note that the DOC “bounces back” to close to a pre-GAC level shortly after the GAC is removed.

The above data is from a 4000 gallon reef system with Caribbean gorgonians and fishes.  The system is filtered with a downdraft protein skimmer, live rock and sand, and a large tower of bioballs.  At the noted date a GAC filter was placed on the system containing approximately 30 cups of a lignite GAC (0.8 cups GAC/100 gallons water).  In this case the GAC was left on the system indefinitely.  Again, the effect on the DOC is obvious but in this case the filter takes a few weeks to hit a peak minimum and then continues to maintain a low DOC level for several months.  Although the measured DOC level was still quite a bit lower than the pre-GAC level the carbon was recently changed out to remove an increasing yellow tint in the water.

The above DOC measurements are from a 300 gallon coral quarantine system.  The system is filtered with a protein skimmer and live rock with weekly 10% water changes.  Initially this system used a large downdraft skimmer with a 1/2hp pump.  At the noted date the skimmer was changed out to a much smaller needlewheel skimmer.  The immediate effect on DOC is obvious, but it should also be noted that the latter skimmer uses about 1/10th the energy of the first!  After the skimmer switch the DOC climbed for a few months until a GAC filter was used for the first time on this tank containing approximately 2 cups of the same lignite GAC (0.7 cups GAC/100 gallons seawater).  This GAC was left on the system without changing until the noted date.  We see a trend similar to the data above where the DOC hits an immediate minimum and then slowly rises back to a pre-GAC level.  Interestingly enough although the GAC seemed “exhausted”, the DOC rose even higher after it was removed from the system.

So is there any real value in chasing after a particular DOC target?  Based on our experiences so far we have seen healthy coral growth in tanks that have measured DOC levels anywhere between 50% to 200% of the ranges measured on wild coral reefs (around 0.8 – 1.5 ppm).  Unfortunately a single DOC measurement tells us very little about the composition of the different types of organic compounds present in the seawater.  

Likewise, you can’t say much about the worth of somebody’s wallet by weighing it unless you know what kind of bills/coins are inside!  However, there do seem to be obvious and measurable effects on DOC from different types of filtration that target it.  In the future we hope to see claims about GAC and protein skimmer effectiveness based on quantifiable data to back it up.

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NP BioPellets originator, Reef Interests / DVH Imports has reduced pricing on their pellet product by 20%, with the same drop trickling down to aquarists. This is a brave move considering the Euro’s recent rapid descent, but we’re not complaining. A less expensive price makes for a happy reefer.

Previously 500ml and 1,000mL of NP BioPellets ran $53 & $99 USD. Take off roughly 20% and these are now at $43 and $80 USD. New pricing should be reflected across the board by retailers–if not,  AquariumSpecialty and Premium Aquatics are showing the new price.

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